- Name :- Riddhi H. RathodName :- Riddhi H. Rathod
Roll No.: 17
Enrollment No.: 4069206420220025
Paper no: 206
Paper name:- Contemporary Literature
Assignment Topic - Crisis of Climate and Immigration in 'Gun Island'
Sem: 4 (Batch 2022- 2024)
Email i'd:- riddhirathod1213@gmail.com
Submitted to: Smt S.B. Gardi Department 1.1 Methods of Note-Taking-
While note-taking is considered essential for research, researchers employ diverse methods. Some prefer taking notes by hand on index cards or sheets of paper. Others might find it more efficient and accurate to use a computer for note-taking, especially when transcribing quotations or material into the text of their paper.
Regardless of the method chosen, it is crucial to record the author's full name and the complete title of the source at the outset. This information should be sufficient to easily locate the source in your working bibliography. If the source is not yet included in the working bibliography, record all the necessary publication details required for your research and the works-cited. Additionally, make sure to add the source to the working bibliography.
Types of Note-Taking-
- Grasping the Gist: Summarizing
- Restating in Your Own Words: Paraphrasing
- Preserving Precision: Quoting
- Extra Caution for Electronic Sources
When you need to condense large chunks of information into key points, summarizing is your friend. This method focuses on capturing the main ideas without getting bogged down in every detail.
If you need more detailed notes than a summary but don't require the exact wording, paraphrasing comes in handy. It involves rewriting the material in your own language while preserving the core meaning.
For impactful sentences or passages that might be perfect additions to your work, use direct quotes. Transcribe the material word-for-word, ensuring punctuation accuracy. Remember, whenever you borrow someone else's words, proper quotation marks are crucial to distinguish them from your own ideas.
Be especially vigilant with electronic sources. If you download text and integrate quotes, double-check that you've used quotation marks correctly for all directly copied sections.
Page and Reference Numbers
Whenever you're summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting information, it's crucial to note down the exact location of that information in the source. Here's how to do it effectively:
- Page Numbers: For printed materials like books or articles, record the specific page numbers where you found the relevant information.
- Other Numbered Sections: Electronic sources sometimes have numbered sections instead of pages. Carefully note down the paragraph or section number where you found the information.
- Long Quotations: If a quotation spans multiple pages or sections, clearly mark the point where the page or section changes within the quotation itself. This ensures you accurately represent the source even if you only use a portion in your final paper.
- Why is this important?
- Accuracy: Proper record-keeping allows you to accurately cite your sources in your paper, ensuring you give credit where it's due and avoiding plagiarism.
- Efficiency: Having precise references saves you time later when you need to double-check information or revisit the original source.
Even if you end up using only a small part of the information you found, keeping track of the exact location helps maintain accuracy and avoids confusion.
Using a Computer for Note-Taking
Amount and Accuracy of Note-Taking -
Taking notes on a computer offers great benefits for research. You can easily store and organize a large amount of information, edit and search through it quickly, and even avoid typos by copying quotes electronically. However, computer access might be limited, especially in libraries. The passage suggests different strategies to address this. For shorter projects, a single file might suffice. For longer papers with many sources, consider creating a separate file for each one. You can also write summaries and paraphrases by hand, then transfer only quotations to your computer. Remember, always backup your notes to avoid losing them!
Effective note-taking isn't about writing everything down. Aim for a sweet spot between including too much and missing crucial details. Be both thorough and concise.
Accuracy is Paramount: This applies not just to copying quotes word-for-word, but also to summarizing and paraphrasing ideas. Strive to capture the author's meaning faithfully.
1.2 OUTLINING
Working Outline
A Useful Intermediate Activity
Whether one prefers working from an outline or not varies among individuals. However, when it comes to research papers, outlining serves as a crucial intermediate step bridging the gap between research and writing. In fact, some instructors mandate the submission of an outline along with the final draft. Others go a step further, requiring a draft outline early on, where students not only propose their paper topic but also provide a tentative list of subtopics for further research. This preliminary outline is then expected to evolve continuously throughout the research process—items may be added, dropped, or modified based on the progress made.
Instructors who emphasize the development of a comprehensive research project portfolio often incorporate the working outline as a key component. This might involve including at least one version of the working outline alongside the final outline in the portfolio. This practice underscores the importance of outlining not just as a preparatory step, but also as a dynamic tool for organizing thoughts and refining the research direction. By requiring students to maintain and update their outlines, instructors encourage a thoughtful and iterative approach to the research process, ultimately contributing to the quality and coherence of the final paper.
An Overall View of the Paper
Outlining your research paper is a secret weapon for academic success, especially if you're new to the game. This simple step grants you a powerful advantage: seeing the entire forest, not just the trees. An outline helps you visualize how all the sections of your paper connect and flow together, ensuring a strong, cohesive argument. Plus, it keeps your research focused by highlighting the key points that support your thesis. The beauty of an outline is its flexibility – as you gather new information, you can easily adapt your approach and refine your thinking. So, ditch the struggle and embrace the outline – it's the roadmap to a well-organized and impactful research paper.
- Creating a Computer File for Each Version
Many word processors have built-in outlining tools that automatically number and indent your points. Here's a tip for managing different versions of your outline:
- Start with "Outline 1": Create a new file and name it "Outline 1" (or something similar) to save your initial brainstorming session.
- Save Copies for Revisions: When you're ready to revise, open the current "best" version. Use the "Save As" function to create a copy. Give the copy a new name, like "Outline 2". Now, you can freely edit the copy without affecting the original.
- Go Back in Time: Need to revisit an earlier version? No problem! Your original "Outline 1" (or any other saved draft) remains untouched on your computer. You can open it anytime and continue revising from that point.
- Discard or Revive: Unsatisfied with a revision? Discard it and return to an earlier version. This way, you can explore different directions without losing your original ideas.
- Compare with Printouts: Printing each major revision allows you to visually compare them and make informed decisions.
This method ensures you have a clear track record of your outline's development, allowing you to revisit and adapt previous versions as needed.
Thesis Statement
Purpose and Audience
Two key ingredients shape your thesis statement: your goal and your readers.- What's your aim for the paper? Are you aiming to paint a picture with words (description)? Unravel the "why" behind something (explanation)? Advocate for a specific belief (argument)? Convince your reader to take action or adopt a new perspective (persuasion)?
- Who are you writing for? Are they experts in the field? Likely to share your views or oppose them? Naturally curious about the topic, or maybe indifferent?
Understanding these elements will guide the direction of your research. It will influence not just your thesis statement, but the overall slant and perspective of your paper, from the outline to the final draft.
Requirements and Assistance of the Instructor
Final Outline
Deleting Irrelevant Material
The road to a strong paper often involves ruthless editing. Let's tackle how to identify and remove irrelevant material that can weigh down your writing.
First things first: take a deep dive into your notes. Read them carefully, considering how effectively they support the claims in your working outline. Are they brimming with relevant details, or are they filled with tangents that don't directly connect to your thesis? Be honest – sometimes, the most helpful information comes from letting go of things you've spent time researching.
Next, it's time to turn your critical eye to your working outline itself. Does everything within it directly contribute to your thesis statement? Does any information weaken your argument or simply take up space? Remember, a concise and focused outline translates into a clear and impactful paper. Don't be afraid to wield the delete button – a ruthless edit now saves you time and strengthens your final work later.
It's natural to want to showcase all your research and knowledge. However, when it comes to writing, the mantra "less is more" holds true. Including irrelevant or repetitive material dilutes your message and makes it harder for your reader to follow your train of thought.
Instead, prioritize the information that helps you achieve your paper's goals. Keep your intended audience in mind – what will resonate with them? Focus on including only the ideas and details that will grab their attention and keep them invested in your investigation, presentation, and conclusions.
Remember, your thesis statement is your North Star. Throughout the editing process, refer back to it and your target audience. By focusing on clarity and relevance, you ensure your writing delivers its message with impact.
Shaping a Structure for the Paper
Revamped Organizing Principles:
The common organizing principles, incorporating examples and potential applications:When crafting an essay, consider the organizational principle that best suits your purpose. Chronological order excels at presenting historical events or developments in sequence. Imagine tracing the history of flight, from the Wright Brothers' early gliders to modern jets. This structure is ideal for research papers, timelines, and presentations on historical happenings.
Cause and effect analysis shines when exploring how one event triggers another, or examining consequences. A report on climate change, for example, might use this approach to explain how greenhouse gas emissions cause rising sea levels and extreme weather events. This structure is a strong choice for scientific reports, policy proposals, and risk assessments.
For clear instructions or outlining development stages, a process structure is ideal. Think about a recipe – it likely uses a process structure, listing steps from gathering ingredients to baking the final product. Tutorials, assembly guides, and project plans all benefit from this organizational approach.
Deductive logic excels at breaking down broad concepts into manageable parts. Imagine an essay on gun violence in America. It might first discuss the overall problem (deductively) before diving into specific types of gun violence (inductively). This structure is useful for problem-solving frameworks and research papers with a broad thesis.
Finally, inductive logic is powerful for identifying patterns from individual cases and drawing broader conclusions. A study on workplace stress, for instance, might analyze individual employee experiences to arrive at general causes and solutions. This approach is well-suited for market research, scientific discovery, and case studies. By understanding these different organizational principles, you can choose the one that best strengthens your essay's message and guides your reader through your ideas.
Methods of Development
When selecting an organizational plan for your paper, consider the method or methods you intend to use in its development. Reflect on what you aim to achieve, such as:
- Defining, classifying, or analyzing something
- Using descriptive details or providing examples
- Comparing or contrasting one thing with another
- Arguing for a certain point of view
Your chosen approach will shape how you organize your material and should be clearly reflected in your outline.
It is also beneficial to outline how you plan to integrate quotations and sources. Specify the quotations and sources you intend to use in your outline. While this planning process requires significant time and thought, you may find it necessary to create several preliminary outlines before finalizing the one you will follow. However, the time and effort invested in this planning phase are worthwhile. The more thoroughly you plan, the easier and more efficient the writing process will be.
Types of Outlines-
Labeling Parts of an Outline
The descending parts of an outline are normally labeled in the following order:
1.
A.
1.
a.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
2.
B
II.
Logic requires that there be an II to complement a 1. a B to complement an A. and so forth.
Creating Computer Files for Major Topics
References -
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Modern Language Association of America, 2009.
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