Saturday, 1 April 2023

IAR: Practical Criticism

 Hello Reader,

This blog is a part of my academic activity which is given on this blog. In this theory, Structuralism is an approach to analyzing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure. There are many structuralist critics like Ferdinand Saussure, Gerard Genette, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss etc. Structuralist critics found basic common structure in every work. As all the human beings have a same structure from inside, similarly literature has basic structure and it is same everywhere whether it movies, Tv serials or advertisement.


So, here being a structuralist I am going to analyse one poetry 'Meri Saree' by Sabika Abbas Naqvi with the help of different perspective or term of structuralism like:




तुम्हे लगा मेरे बदन पे लिपटी साड़ी सिर्फ एक चमकदार कपड़ा है,

जिसकी मैचिंग की फॉल शाहिद कपुर ढूंढता फ़िरेगा 

तुम्हे लगा मेरी साडी वो ठोस पहनावा है 

जिसको पहनकर हम टिप-टिप बरसते पानी मे सेक्सी नाच दिखाएँगे ।


तुम्हे लगा मेरी साडी वो है जिसका पल्लू सिर्फ पिया के लिए नकली हवा मे सर-सर उड़ता है

तुम्हे लगा मेरी साडी मेरे संस्कारी होने की मार्कशीट है

नहीं, ये साडी तुम्हारी सोच से परे है, ये वो ९ गज का कपड़ा है जिसमे मेने खुद के वजूद को लपेटा है।


ये वो सड़क है जिसको ना-जाने कितनी बार तुम रोंद कर गुज़र गये हो।

मेरी साडी पुस्ते हवा पे उड़ती हुई मज़लुमो की साया फिगन छा जाती है।


ये साडी बड़ी multi purpose है

कभी मेरे बदन की साडी बन जाती है, कभी रातो मे रज़ाई, कभी मेरी माँ की मेहनत की कमाई….

जब उसे पूछा त उसने कहा, तुम्हारी साडी is like waterfall  waves fluttering in the thunderstorms.


मेरी साडी वो शामियाना है जिसे तुम आसमान कहते हो, मेरी साडी हि त वो ज़मीन है जिस फ़र्ज़ पे तुम रहते हो।

ये साडी नदी की वो लहर है जिद पर तुम इश्क़ की नाव चलाते हो, इसी साडी से हम फांसीवाद को फांसी लगाते है।




तुमने भी कम कोशिशें नहीं की इस साड़ी मे बहोत छेद बनाये है इसको कै जगह से फाड़ा है, लेकिन हम भी बेहतेरीन रफुनगाज़ है एक एक छेद मे हमने पैवंद लगाया है और भी रंगीन टुकड़ो का ।


तुमने जहाँ से जातिवाद की कैंची लगायी थी उस पर मेने सावित्री फुले की साडी का बेहतरीन टुकड़ा काट के सिल दिया।

जहां तुमने सिल्का परस्ती की छेद लगाए थे वहा मेने शबाह से धागे लेकर बुट्टे गाड़ दिये है। जब आँचल तुम जलाने लगे तो वहा हमने इरोम की साडी का आँचल लगा दिया।


जब हेम पर तुमने तेजाब फेंका  हमने भी लक्समी से उसमे पैचवर्क करवा लिया। 

ये सच है की ये साडी अब सिर्फ मेरी नहीं, 

        आँचल है इरोम का, ब्लाउज बेला का,

        घेर बना है शबाह से लेकर काश्मीर की तमाम औरतों की चादर हर एक बल की साडी मे विक्रम है, आलोक है, माधवी है और हमीदा है।


हर एक ने उसमे अपनी पसंद का रंग मिलाया बड़ी हसरत से इस साडी को बनाया।

ये साडी नई नहीं है, बहोत पुरानी है इसकी एक एक धागो मे बुनकरों ने लहू मिलाया है।


इस पर फॉल लगी है इश्क़ के मर्कसो की, चरक हुयी है प्रतिरोध की छिटो की,

ये वो साडी है जिसके भगवे के रंग मे तुमने जबरदस्ती भारत माता को लपेटा है।


इसी साडी मे तुमने बस्तर को बंध घसीटा है, ये साडी किसी के बाप की जागीर नहीं, ये तुम्हारी संस्कृति के wet dreams की तादिर नहीं है।

इस से हम तुम्हारे बेमतलब सवालों और इलज़ामो के भरे मुंह को बाँध देते है और जब मन चाहा जैसे मन चाहा पहनकर हम चल देते है।


कांजीवरम मे मुनार हिलाये है, बुमकाई और संभालपुरी लुगड़ा पहेन हमने आज़ादी के गीत गाये है फिर चिकन को खुद पे अदब से लपेट हमने बीफ कबाब खाये है।

हमारे किसान आंदोलनो को पहचान बनी लहेरिया मेखला चौदौर पहन तोड़ दिया, अफसपा (Afspa) कमरिया इस साडी को हि हमने किताब बना लिया।


पहले इस पर कविताएं लिखी, किस्से लिखे प्यार के- सरहदो के मबारसतो के फिर इसको अपने नापाक बदन पे चढ़ा लिया।

सुन लो, ये साडी तुम्हारे राष्ट्रवाद का पैरहत नहीं, ये एक उधम है जिसको कुरुक्षेत्र मे सजवा दिया।


ये एक वो कफन है जिसका पुरुस्ताक दफना दिया, ये एक चमन हैं, जिसने मसलुमो ने मिलकर सजवा दिया।


तुम बहोत curious रहते होना की चोली के पीछे क्या है?  इस साडी के चोली के पीछे मेरे पिस्तानों की उपहार है जो भरे है आज़ादी को रगोमे पहोंचाने के लिए मेरी पसलिया है जो मेरे अमन के नग्मे गाती है।


इस साडी को मे जब पहनती हू तो मेरी नाभि दिखेगी वो नाभि जो इस भवर है जहद का,

ये साडी तुम्हारी तरह judgemental नहीं है, किसी भी तन मे बैठ जाती है और उसे अपना बना लेती है, जैसा भी तन हो तुम्हारे पैमानो मे fit होता हो या नही ये साडी उस बदन की शक लेती है और उसके लहू को रोशनाई बनाकर खुद पर उस तन के जेहाद दर्ज़ करती है।


जब जब तुम्हारे हाथ इस साडी की ओर जाने बढ़ेंगे ये साडी परचम बन जाएंगी मत भूलो हर तूफान मे गे साडी उड़कर आएगी, तुम्हे बड़ा सताएगी तुम left right के लोग सभी Tug of war खेलते जाओ इसे पकड़कर ये तुम्हारा मज़ाक उड़ाएगी ये बेघरों का फेमा है बड़ी मुश्किल।


इसको पाना है आज उड़ रही सरे जमाना है इसे हर ज़ुल्म का इंतकाम लेना है, इसमे से खुशबु आती है पसीनो की…

वो पसीना जो बहा है जंग करने मे सिर का परास्त मर्द मर्दानगी परस्ती से ये एक बदन से उतरकर दूसरे बदन पे आएगी, जब भी इस साडी को पहननेवाली गुज़र जाएगी तुम लाख जलाना चाहो इसे ये जल ना पायेगी।


जब कब्र मे अपने पहननेवाले को पायेगी तो ज़मीन इस साडी को उस कब्र का साया बनाएगी। 

ये साडी जब जब फाड़ी जाएगी, बिगाड़ी जाएगी, तुम मुआँसरे मे किसी और बदन पे किसी और घर मे किसी और चौराहे पे एक नया रूप ले आएगी।


मेरी साडी सिय्या साडी, रंगीली साडी, सतरंगी साडी, बेकही, बेकरहम, बिमूवर्त्त, बेशर्म साडी।



Table of Contents:-


  • Wider contextual literature


  • Sign, signifier and signified 


  •  Langage, Langue and Paro


  • code without message.




Wider contextual  literature:


In this perspective wide range reading of any kind of literature, reader should be familiar with the intentionally metaphoric meaning of the words and different phenomena used in work. In this poem she mingled all women from Kashmir to kanyakumari and portrayed their strength in the form of saree and also connected the poem with various historical events and characters like Savitribai Phule, Dropadi's disrobing event, acid attack victim Laxmi Agarwal and Iron lady Irom who protested against government act(AFSPA). Bela Bhatia who working in Bastar district of chhattisgarh for human right and Shabah Haji(social reformer from J&K)The poet also says about fascism that is indicate to Gulabi Gang(the group of women activist from U.P who wear pink Saree and stand for violence against women ). So here we can say that one can not understand without wide knowledge like who was Savitribai, Bela Bhatia, laxmi and Irom. Thus reader should uncover structure of the poem to understand in the proper way.



2) Sign, signifier and signified:



Here we will analyze this poem with Ferdinand De Saussure's term of sign, signifier and signified that first we can say that signifier means a thing that give us proper meaning so this saree is signifier and then what is evoke in our mind what is mental concept, so our mental concept see that saree as only a clothe or the clothes of ladies that called signified then anything that conveys meaning means outcome of meaning is called sign. So, when poetess says that saree is not just a cloth but saree as a strength of women, future of nation. Then she compare with a garden, coffin, ensign. Furthermore she personified saree as freedom fighter and also compare with sky, floor, waterfall. So, here the nine yard cloth that has been objectified, sexualised and yet remains one of the strongest symbol of female courage and identity that is sign conveys through different point of views and perspective.

                      


Langage, Langue and parole:


If we explain these words in a simple way, so we can say that Langage or langue means those words are spoken universally but rarely thought in everyday life whereas parole means individual utterances means we use in day today life. It is by understanding the relationship of the two parts of the sign through langue that the signification of communication or parole may be understood. Without the understanding of langue, parole would be meaningless sounds or symbols grouped together arbitrary. So in this poem we have seen that poetess used metaphoric langue much more e.g नव गज के कप्डे मे खुद के वजुद को लपेटा है, मेरि साडि पुश्ते हवा, कान्जिवरम, बोमकाइ, साभल्पुरि, मबाशेरत, जेह्द?(perseverance), पर्चम(ensign), etc those words we are not use in everyday life that which are under the term of langue therefore reader somewhere feel stranger towards words.So, if you understand the langue of sign than parole may be easy. Thus, we have to uncover the langue of the poem 'Saree' and try to make easy.


Code without Message:


 Russian Formalism regards literature as code without message. Structuralism by structural analysis makes it possible to uncover the connection that exists between a system of forms and a system of meanings, by replacing the search for term by term analysis with one for over all similarity. In traditional criticism believe in message but now critics emphasize on code means doubting. In this poem poetess connected simple cloth with highly things of world. So some may have question she says like इन सारि मे तुम्ने बहोत छेद लगाये है!(sexual harassment, no.freedom.for women), कहि जगह से फाडा है!(rape), फिर्का परस्ति का छेद लगाया है(casteism), इसि साडि मे तुम्ने बस्तर को बाध घसिटा है!(district of Chhatisgadh where Bela bhatiya working for human right against Government). So, in this way we must understand first the code of any work then go to message of that work. If we see any kind of work in this way that literature should be pleasing us moral lesson is not necessary. 


The saree as a symbol of resistance has been around for decades. The weavers wove ‘blood’ and what the poetess calls ‘splashes of resistance’ into every saree they made. The forced saffron saree that the country is draped in, is not representative of how it is. The saree is not a symbol of docility or acquiescence, but a tool for the agency. She speaks about how women donned the Mekela Chador and fought against AFSPA, how the Leheriya saree became a symbol of the farmers' protest. The saree, she says, is not the attire of hyper-nationalism. The saree is not judgemental, it accepts and owns anybody that drapes it.


The poetess uses the saree to weave a story around women’s existence in the country. The tears and battering signify the assault and daily violence women face. Despite everything, the saree, much like women, comes out strong, in solidarity and togetherness. There is also perhaps, a hint about the need for mainstream feminism to perhaps back off and practice what they preach about inclusivity. The saree is for everyone and movements should be too.



To conclude, we can connect this poem with the term of structuralism like Langage, langue and parole to understand the words of the poem, also we should see saree with different perspective to analyse sign, signifier and signified. As per Russian formalist says that literature should be pleasing the reader in the term of code, moral message is not necessary in literature. We should doubt and uncover the hide meaning and should know that what do poet conveys through any kind of work.


Watch “Meri Saree” by Sabika Abbas Naqvi here:-








           








 





Waiting for Godot

About the Author:-



Samuel Barclay Beckett (April 13, 1906- December 22, 1989) was an Irish playwright, novelist and poet.

Beckett's work is stark, fundamentally minimalist, and deeply pessimistic about human nature and the human condition, although the pessimism is mitigated by a great and often wicked sense of humor. His later work explores his themes in an increasingly cryptic and attenuated style. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969 and elected Saoi of Aosdana in 1984.



1) Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act 2 on the barren tree- The tree has four or five leaves?



The tree is a symbol in the play. Many times the tree is symbolically presented in the play when Vladimir and Estragon try to be hebetate like a tree. So, leaves stand for hope and despair. In the first scene the tree was destroyed so we can interpret and connect it with world war-2 because this play written just after war and in second act this tree have leaves so it stand for hope and also we can say it is changing nature.


 2) Can we do any political reading of the play if we see European nations represented by the names of the characters (Vladimir- Russia, Esragon- France; Pozzo-Italy; Lucky- England)? What interpretation can be inferred from the play written just after World War II? Which country stands for Godot?


It is possible to interpret "Waiting for Godot" politically by seeing the characters as representatives of European nations. Where Vladimir represents Russia, Estragon represents France; Pozzo-Italy and Lucky England. However, it is important to note that Samuel Beckett, the play's author, never confirmed any political allegory or meaning. If we see the characters as representatives of European nations, one possible interpretation is that the play reflects the political and cultural landscape of Europe after World War II. Germany stands for Godot. As Hitler was ruling in Germany, and the way he excommunicated the Jews from his country is very much significant and relevant to the play. Another interpretation is that Godot also represents death or unknown authoritative figures.



 3) In Act I, in reply to Boy's question:


"BOY: What am I to tell Mr. Godot, Sir?



VLADIMIR: Tell him... (he hesitates)... tell him you saw us. (Pause.) You did see us, didn't you?


 - How does this conversation go in Act II? What is the significance?


The change in both the acts between Vladimir and the messenger boy is very significant. In the Act 1 Vladimir tells the boy to tell Godot that you saw us. In a way Vladimir wants the boy to describe their situation. How they are suffering and how they eagerly want to get rid of it. In human life also, we want God to look at our situation and will do something to make our pain less. We always hope that God will change our fortune and will turn our sad days into happy days but this will never happen. In Act 2 Vladimir tells the boy to tell Godot that you saw me. Here, Vladimir wants to save only his life at the end of the play. He seems selfish.




4) In both Acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you interpret this 'coming of night and moon' when actually they are waiting for Godot?


Beckett wants to highlight the indifferent nature. As Nature never waits for anyone, it doesn't matter whether a person is sad or happy, nature never cares for them. The natural process of the environment never stops for anyone. Similarly in this play Vladimir and Estragon are waiting for Godot, and in this process of waiting they do various things to pass their time, sometimes they feel totally disappointed. But these all things make no change in nature, the day begins as it used to be and night comes as it is, without any change. 




 5) What is the meaning of the terms 'Apathia, Aphasia and Athambia' in Lucky's speech? "... divine apathia divine athambia divine aphasia loves us dearly with some exceptions for reasons unknown…"



Meaning:-


Apathia: Freedom or release from emotion or excitement- Lack of emotions and concerns.


Aphasia: Loss of the ability to comprehend or express speech - Lass of Communication.


Athambia: Impartibility, To be incapable of being upset or not easily excite.


"... Divine apathia divine Athambia divine aphasia loves us dearly with some expectations for reasons unknown…"


In Lucky's speech, he said three words like Aphasia, Apathia and Athambia. Aphasia means a loss of speech, an inability to speak or communicate, Here it refers to the fact that God from his divine heights now has divine aphasia or a divine silence. Apathia means lacking emotion and Athambia means being unflappable.


6. 'A better solution to the tramp's predicament than to wait-is, suicide ". Is it really so? Why they fail to commit suicide?


      This question denotes the Existential crisis and suicide is the only solution to overcome it.


'A better solution to the tramp's predicament than to wait-is, suicide'


      Suicide is always remains favourite solution to Vladimir and Estragon. Disappointment of the failure leads oneself to attempt suicide but they both rationalize it with the waiting or pretending to wait. They first realise that the tree is only in their world, it will not support Vladimir's weight on the noose and therefore will not break his neck. Secondly they cannot hang themselves because they do not have the required piece of rope. They complaints about the lack of a suitable piece of rope are unnecessary, which denotes the devoid of the required tools for committing suicide.


         

7. Explain: "Godot become as image of what Satre calls "bad faith".


 In Being and Nothingness , French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre referred to 'bad faith' which is our natural capacity to deceive ourselves. Bad faith exists in our tendency to believe we are not who we really are; that we have no options and therefore act in an inauthentic manner. Sartre regarded bad faith as a denial of freedom which we all have. 


 In this context, Godot is the one who is believed as a ‘Bad Faith’ by Vladimir and Estragon. They both deceives themselves by the name of Godot- they both belives that they are not free rather bound to the arrival of Mr. Godot. They claim that their action is the result of following orders of Godot- His message of arrival. And thus they are not responsible for what is going on in their lives.


8) .Explain: “One hardly feels the absurdity of some things, on the one hand, and the necessity of those other things, on the other (for it is rare that feeling of absurdity is not followed by necessity), when one feels the absurdity of those things of which one had just felt the necessity(for it is rare that the feeling of necessity is not followed by the feeling of absurdity).”



 Both these statements are quite contradictory which denote the relation between the feeling of ‘Absurdity’ and ‘Necessity’. Though both are contradictory in one way, both are intertwined in other ways. If we feel something absurd, we also feel the necessity of it or vice versa.  If we observe or relate this statement in the context of ‘Waiting for Godot’, we would realize that the absurdity of both the central characters’ situation- waiting for Godot- a person who may or may not come- it is followed by the necessity.




A Dance of the Forest

  This blog post is a component of our academic study, stemming from a Thinking activity assigned by Megha ma'am, our instructor from th...