The Great Gatsby

 

1. How did the film capture the Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties , the Flappers and the Prohibition Act  of America in 1920s??

The film industry played a significant role in capturing the spirit of the Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties, the flappers, and the Prohibition Act in America during the 1920s. Hollywood films of the time depicted the excesses and rebellious attitudes of the era, creating a visual representation of the cultural changes occurring in America.

One way that films captured the spirit of the Jazz Age was through their portrayal of music and dance. Jazz music, which originated in African American communities, became popular among all classes and races during the 1920s. Hollywood films incorporated jazz music and dance routines into their productions, creating a visual representation of the energy and vitality of the era.

The Roaring Twenties was also a time of social change, particularly in terms of gender roles. Flappers, young women who rebelled against traditional gender norms by wearing short dresses, smoking, drinking, and dancing, became a symbol of the era. Hollywood films often featured flappers as central characters, showcasing their independence and confidence.

The Prohibition Act, which banned the sale and consumption of alcohol in America from 1920 to 1933, was another defining feature of the 1920s. Films of the era often depicted illegal alcohol consumption, creating a romanticized image of speakeasies and underground parties.

In summary, Hollywood films of the 1920s captured the spirit of the Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties, the flappers, and the Prohibition Act by incorporating music and dance, depicting rebellious young women, and showcasing illegal activities like alcohol consumption. These films became a reflection of the cultural changes occurring in America at the time and continue to shape our understanding of the era today.

2.Difference between the film and novel in movie The Great Gatsby 

The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which was adapted into a film multiple times. The most popular adaptation was the 2013 film directed by Baz Luhrmann. While the movie stays relatively faithful to the novel, there are some key differences between the two.

Narration: The novel is narrated by Nick Carraway, whereas the movie has an omniscient narrator who is not a character in the story.

Timeframe: The novel is set in the summer of 1922, while the movie is set in the summer of 1929.

Tone: The novel has a more introspective and melancholic tone, whereas the movie has a more energetic and vibrant tone.

Characterizations: In the novel, the character of Gatsby is more enigmatic and mysterious, whereas the movie portrays him as more charismatic and outgoing. Similarly, the character of Daisy is more complex and conflicted in the novel, while the movie portrays her as more shallow and selfish.

Ending: The ending of the movie differs from the novel in a significant way. In the novel, the reader is left to interpret the events that unfold, whereas the movie presents a more definitive conclusion.

Overall, while the movie does capture the essence of the novel, it does deviate from the source material in some ways. However, these changes can be seen as a way to modernize the story and make it more accessible to contemporary audiences.

3. How did the film help in misunderstanding the symbolic significance of 'The Valley of Ashes', 'The Eyes of T.J.Ekleberg' and 'The Green Light' ?

The Valley of Ashes is a desolate wasteland located between West Egg and New York City in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby." It symbolizes the moral decay and corruption of the wealthy elite who live in West Egg and East Egg, and their disregard for the plight of the working-class people who live in the Valley of Ashes.

The Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg are a pair of faded, billboard-sized eyes that overlook the Valley of Ashes. They symbolize the moral and spiritual emptiness of the wealthy elite, who have abandoned traditional values and embraced materialism and hedonism.

The Green Light is a symbol of Gatsby's unattainable dream of winning back his lost love, Daisy Buchanan. It represents the illusion of the American Dream and the idea that success and happiness can be achieved through wealth and status.

In some film adaptations of "The Great Gatsby," these symbols may be portrayed differently or with less emphasis, leading to a possible misunderstanding of their significance. For example, a film might downplay the Valley of Ashes or the Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg, or give less attention to the Green Light, leading viewers to miss the symbolic meaning behind these elements. Additionally, some films might interpret these symbols in a way that differs from the novel, which could also contribute to a misunderstanding of their significance.

4. How did the film capture 'The Great Gatsby' theme of racism and sexism?

The film adaptation of "The Great Gatsby" directed by Baz Luhrmann in 2013 captured the themes of racism and sexism through several elements of the film.

One of the ways the film captures racism is through the character of Tom Buchanan. Tom is portrayed as a racist, who frequently makes derogatory comments about people of color, particularly African Americans. In the film, there is a scene where Tom takes Nick to meet his mistress, Myrtle, who is of a different race. Tom treats Myrtle and her friends disrespectfully, using racial slurs and treating them as inferior. This scene highlights the prevalent racism of the time, particularly among the wealthy class, and shows how it was ingrained in society.

The film also portrays sexism through the character of Daisy Buchanan. Daisy is depicted as a woman who is trapped in a loveless marriage and is forced to comply with her husband's expectations. She is often objectified by the male characters and is expected to conform to the societal norms of the time. In one scene, Daisy is shown crying after her husband confronts her about her affair with Gatsby. This scene highlights the double standards of the time, where men could have affairs without repercussions, while women were judged and condemned for the same behavior.

Furthermore, the film portrays the objectification of women through the party scenes. Women are shown as objects of desire, wearing revealing clothing and dancing provocatively. They are treated as commodities by the male characters, who use them for their own pleasure without regard for their feelings or well-being. This highlights the sexist attitudes prevalent in the society of the time and the objectification of women that was considered acceptable.

The film adaptation of "The Great Gatsby" captures the themes of racism and sexism through its portrayal of characters, scenes, and societal norms. It highlights the prevalent attitudes of the time and shows how they impacted individuals and society as a whole.

5. Nick Carraway as a narrator in The Great Gatsby.

Nick Carraway serves as the primary narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby. As the novel's narrator, Nick provides insight into the characters and events that unfold in the story.

Nick is a young man from the Midwest who moves to New York to work in the bond business. He rents a small house in West Egg, Long Island, next to the mansion of the wealthy and enigmatic Jay Gatsby. Through his friendship with Gatsby, Nick becomes entangled in the lives of Gatsby and his circle of friends, including the beautiful but shallow Daisy Buchanan, her husband Tom, and their mutual friend Jordan Baker.

As a narrator, Nick is a reliable and observant character who provides an objective perspective on the events of the story. He is also a moral character who is often critical of the excesses and shallowness of the wealthy elite that he encounters. However, Nick is not without his own flaws, and he struggles with issues of morality and ethics throughout the novel.

One of the key strengths of Nick's narration is his ability to convey the complexities of Gatsby's character. Gatsby is a notoriously elusive character who is often seen as a symbol of the American Dream. However, Nick's narration reveals the depths of Gatsby's longing for the past and his desire to recapture the love of his life, Daisy. Nick's narration also highlights the tragic consequences of Gatsby's obsession with the past and his attempts to build a new life for himself.

Overall, Nick Carraway serves as an effective and nuanced narrator in The Great Gatsby. His narration provides an insightful and complex portrayal of the characters and events of the novel, while also raising important questions about the nature of the American Dream and the corrupting influence of wealth and privilege.

6. Psychoanalytic study of Jay Gatsby and about  his character.

According to psychoanalytic theory, human behavior is influenced by unconscious desires and impulses. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, believed that our personalities are shaped by our experiences in childhood and the ways in which we cope with conflicts and desires.

In the case of Jay Gatsby, it can be argued that his desire to become wealthy and successful is driven by unconscious feelings of inadequacy and a need for validation. Gatsby grew up in poverty and had humble beginnings, which made him feel inferior to the wealthy elite. He developed a deep desire to be accepted by high society and to win the love of Daisy Buchanan, his former lover.

Gatsby's obsession with Daisy can also be seen as a manifestation of his unconscious desires. He idealizes her and believes that she represents everything he desires in life: wealth, status, and happiness. However, his idealization of Daisy is also a defense mechanism that allows him to avoid facing the reality of their relationship and the obstacles that stand in the way of their reunion.

Gatsby's extravagant parties can be seen as a way of compensating for his feelings of inadequacy and insecurity. By throwing these parties, he creates an illusion of grandeur and opulence that allows him to feel powerful and important. However, this facade of success is ultimately hollow and unfulfilling, as it does not bring him the acceptance and love that he craves.

In conclusion, a psychoanalytic study of Jay Gatsby reveals that his character is driven by unconscious desires and impulses. His obsession with wealth and success, his idealization of Daisy, and his extravagant parties are all manifestations of his inner conflicts and insecurities. By understanding the underlying motivations of Gatsby's behavior, we can gain a deeper appreciation for his character and the themes of the novel as a whole.

Transcendentalism

 Introduction :-

Transcendentalists saw divine experience inherent in the everyday, rather than believing in a distant heaven. Transcendentalists saw physical and spiritual phenomena as part of dynamic processes rather than discrete entities.

In today's era, there is an especially strong transcendental presence in the world of media. Four examples that accurately portray Transdentdentalism are; the films Forrest Gump, Wreck-It Ralph and The Lorax. Also the song Beautiful day by U2.

Themes of Transcendentalism:-

 There are 5 themes common in works of transcendentalism. They are Nonconformity, Self-Reliance, Freethought, Confidence, and Importance of Nature. These themes are seen in many of the writings of several famous authors of this time. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two authors important to this period.

What is transcendentalism in film?

Unlike the style of psychological realism, which dominates film, the transcendental style expresses a spiritual state by means of austere camerawork, acting devoid of self-consciousness, and editing that avoids editorial comment.

“Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string”

 - Self Reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson

      

The movie Moana was created in 2016 by Disney creators Ron Clements and John Musker shows the first princess who is strong, independent and the biggest turn of all which shocked the crowed was no prince. She shows the population that she can fix the problem even if her mentor maui is not going to her. In the movie, the struggle can be seen by showing her worth to herself and other, when Maui gives up Moana makes a plan on her own to stop her island from dying. Throughout the movie she states " I am Moana", it shows us a viewers the internal battle she goes through in trying to prove to her self she can do this and be self reliant. This compares to the quote above beacuse both state how trusting their selfs is the best way as long as they never give up and try again.

Moana cannot be commpared to the works of Emerson and his impact in his time when showing what self reliance was but she had given a huge influence showing young girls how one can do something themselves. The message that she gives in her movie is clear and that is to be smart on trusting youself. never put trust in others because they can break it.

In the movie, Moana breaks many biases about having a prince to succed in things which was a huge deal for Disney viewers not to see a prince. She is mostly self reliant especially when Maui does not have any faith in her. People argue that she does have a relationship in the movie but are silenced because they did not show any affecionate to one another. this was a hiuge movie and a success in the harts because of many of the reviews which said good things and how id breaking barriers in their movies.

"Moana" embodies Transcendentalism by emphasizing the importance of individualism, connection to nature, and spiritual discovery. The film tells the story of a young girl named Moana who is chosen by the ocean to restore the heart of Te Fiti, a goddess who brings life to the islands. Moana sets out on a journey to find Maui, a demigod who can help her restore the heart and save her people.

Throughout the movie, Moana embraces her individuality and follows her own path, despite the expectations of her parents and community. She also has a deep connection to the ocean and the natural world, and seeks to restore balance and harmony to her island home.

The film also explores spiritual themes, as Moana grapples with her destiny and seeks to understand her connection to the gods and goddesses of her people.

One example of this is the film's emphasis on the importance of self-reliance and independence. The main character, Moana, is determined to save her island and people, and she sets out on her own to do so. She relies on her own intuition and abilities, rather than waiting for someone else to solve the problem. This reflects the transcendentalist belief in the importance of trusting oneself and relying on one's own inner voice.

Another example is the film's portrayal of the relationship between humans and nature. Moana has a deep connection with the ocean and respects its power and importance. This connection reflects the transcendentalist belief in the importance of nature and the interconnectedness of all things.

Conclusion : -

Overall, "Moana" embodies the ideals of Transcendentalism by encouraging viewers to embrace their individuality, connect with nature, and pursue spiritual discovery. The movie's themes of self-discovery, connection to the natural world, and the pursuit of spiritual truth are all hallmarks of Transcendentalist philosophy.

Assignment Paper no.108

 Name :- Riddhi H. Rathod 

Roll No.: 17

Enrollment No.: 4069206420220025

Paper number: -108

Paper name:- The American Literature 

Sem: 2 (Batch 2022- 2024)

Email i'd:- riddhirathod1213@gmail.com Submitted to: Smt S.B. Gardi Department

Introduction 

Transcendentalism is a 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.

                         

It began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School. It is an American version of English romanticism. It was influenced by German transcendentalism, Platonism and Neo-Platonism, Christian mysticism and English Romanticism.

TRANSCENDENTALISM

In contrast to the empiricists and rationalists, the transcendentalists were doubtful of knowledge from either sense- experience or logic and reason. However, they did not embrace a human skepticism, rather they claimed that intuition and personal revelation should be the source of knowledge. 

            

Transcendentalism has its origins in New England of the early 1800s. It was born from a debate between "New Light" theologians, who believed that religion should focus on an emotional experience, and "Old Light opponents, who valued reason in their religious approach.

These "Old Lights" became known first as "liberal Christians" and then as Unitarians, and were defined by the belief that there was no trinity of father, son and holy spirit as in traditional Christian belief, and that Jesus Christ was a mortal.

Various philosophers began to swirl around this crowd, and the ideas that would butome Transcendentalism split from Unitarianism over its perceived rationality and instead embraced German Romanticism in a quest for a more spiritual experience.

Thinkers in the movement embraced ideas brought forth by philosophers Immanuel Kant and Hegel, poet Coleridge, ancient Indian scripture known as the Vedas and religious founder Emanuel Swedenborg.

Transcendentalism emphasizes a few key points:

• The interconnectedness of all things

⚫ The importance of nature

• The role of individual in society • Man Vs machine

Major figures in the transcendentalist movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller,and Amos Bronson Alcott.

What is Transcendentalism?

It is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction, to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time.

What is Anti-Transcendentalism?

It was an opposition movement to the Transcendentalist. The Transcendentalist were writers who supported the beauty of Nature, the kindness of Humans and a distrust in government.

Transcendentalism vs Anti- Transcendentalism

                

                

                

Transcendentalism and Anti - transendetranscen in scarlett letter :

The Scarlett letter is written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In this novel  Nature is very beautifully portraits. It’s symbol of acceptance Hester by Nature. Sometime She live alone with Nature. Nature give a space for her and also for her child. She is very strong character in this novel .she is able to raise her voice against society and religion. She is facing lot's of problems and she suffering a lot from society and their rules.

Some transcendentalist 

            

Ralph Waldo Emerson:

Emerson's ideas about the significance of the individual that came under the heading of what he called "self-relience". Everywhere Emerson looked, he saw people leading lives that were based on tradition, that were limited by religious forms and social habits. No one could be themselves, Emerson thought, because they were all too busy being what they were supposed to be.

Emerson wanted to get rid of each of these burdens: the post, religion and social forms. So that each person could find out who they really were. As he puts it: "History is an impertinence and an injury; Our religion, we have not chosen, but society has chosen for us..." We must, he argued, live from within trusting noting but our own intuitions. For, as he concluded "nothing is last sacred but the integrity of your own mind".

Emerson was a "Pantheist". That is someone who believe that God exists in every part of creation, from the smallest grain of sand to the stars. But also crucially that the divine spark is in each of us. In following ourself, we are therefore not merely being fickle or selfish, we are rather, realizing a divine will, that history, society and organized religion normally hide from us. The individual as Emerson writes "is a God in ruins".

According to Emerson, mountains, grains and stars reveal an essential connection between nature, God and man. They are one. They also give Emerson a proper sense of each individual's importance, as a part of God.

Emerson emphasis on the value of the ordinary. What Emerson put forward in essays like "The American scholar" and "The Poet", was that the American every day, was a proper subject for literature. This was because for Emerson, the transcendentalist God is everywhere, and it's the poet's job to reveal this. "There is no object...", he wrote, "... so foul that intense light will not make it beautiful... Even a corpse has its own beauty." This coming from a man who had opened his first wife's tomb a year after her death to take a look.

Thoreau also viewed technology as an often unnecessary distraction. He saw the practical benefits of new inventions, but he also warned that these innovations couldn't address the real challenges of personal happiness. Thoreau believed we should instead look to nature which is full of spiritual significance. He thought of animals, forest and waterfalls as inherently valuable but for their beauty and their role in the ecosystem. We can best understand ourselves as a part of nature, we should see ourselves as nature looking into nature, rather than an external force or the master of nature.

Thoreau argued that people are morally obliged to challenge a government that uphold hypocritical or flagrantly unfair laws. So, Thoreau turned to what he called: Civil Disobedience. Peacefully resisting immoral laws in protest. Despite his time as a hermit, Thoreau teaches us how to approach a frighteningly vast, highly interconnected and morally troubling modern society. He challenges us to be authentic, not just by avoiding material life and its distractions, but by engaging with the world and withdrawing our support for the government when we believe is acting unjustly. His works endure and remind us of just how important it is to remove the distractions of money, technology and other people's views, in order to live according to our best and truest nature.

Theodore Parker

Parker, a controversial minister, was forced out of the Unitarian Church. Although he had doubts about the intellectual equality of black people, he became an enthusiastic transcendentalist and a leader of the antislavery movement. A foe of the Mexican War like Thoreau, Parker led opposition in the Boston area to federal efforts to enforce the new Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, going so far as to hide an escaped slave in his home.

Even more controversially, he helped finance arms purchases that helped antislavery zealot John Brown and others fight slaveholding settlers in the disputed Kansas-Nebraska Territory and enabled Brown to launch his failed raid on a U.S. armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859.

Orestes A. Brownson

Born in Vermont, Brownson was a lifelong religious seeker who ultimately became a Roman Catholic. During his years as an important transcendentalist, Brownson focused on inequitable treatment of workers, both free and enslaved. A socialist and editor of his own Boston-based journal, Brownson saw the gap between the wealthy and laboring classes growing disastrously in violation of God’s law and the supposed equality promised by American democracy.

“What in one word is this American system?” he asked in 1840. “Is it not the abolition of all artificial distinctions, all social advantages founded on birth or any other accident, and leaving every man to stand on his own feet ... ?”

Bronson Alcott

Best known today as the often-absent father of Little Women author Louisa May Alcott, the self-educated Alcott pioneered new educational methods, some of which have continued to influence American schooling. Children, he believed, should not be forced to learn a rigid curriculum but taught ways to open their minds to a world of knowledge.

The child, he wrote, “is the Book. The operations of his mind are the true system.” Although his ideas were controversial, partly because he disdained corporal punishment, Alcott was eventually appointed superintendent of Concord’s public schools.

Less successful was Fruitlands, the agricultural community Alcott and a British friend founded in a rural Massachusetts town in 1843. It lasted just six months, done in by rules that included cold-water showers, strict vegetarianism, sexual abstinence, and opposition to animal exploitation so strict that colonists could not use horses or oxen to clear land for farming.

Assignment paper no. 106

 Name :- Riddhi H. Rathod 

Roll No.: 17

Enrollment No.: 4069206420220025

Paper number: -106

Paper name:- The Twentieth Century Literature: 1900 to World War II

Sem: 2 (Batch 2022- 2024)

Email i'd:- riddhirathod1213@gmail.com Submitted to: Smt S.B. Gardi Department

The Modern Age

                 The modern age is very different from the other ages in English Literature. The modern age is known as “Modernist Movement” in English Literature. The period of modern age is 1915 to 1945 and this age is totally different from the Victorian age.

               The people of modern age reject old forms and trying to do a new technique and new style. Even in literature also many of the poet and writer wants to do different and bring something new in their writing.

                 The term “Modern” is generally known as an adjective expressing the state of being contemporary or possessing the qualities of current style. In art and culture, however, the terms modern and modernism pertain to the beliefs and philosophy of the society during the late 19th to the early 20th century. Because the concept has two different accepted meaning,

The Waste Land as a modernist poem”

“The Modern Age a period of sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world. Experimentation and individualism became virtue, where in the past they were often heartly discouraged”.

                The waste land considered as a modern epic of the English literature. The best example of modernist literature is T. S. Eliot’s “The waste land”. Throughout this poem Eliot shows us the real image of culture and society after the World War 1 and 2.

                This poem depicts an image of the modern world through the perspective of a man finding himself hopeless and confused about the condition of the society.

“The waste land illustrates the contemporary waste land as a metaphor of modern Europe.”

                Eliot’s the waste land is very hard to describe and analysis because this poem mainly deals with the idea of modern age and its new technique. In this poem the waste land there are so many features and influence of the modern age, and we can apply some of the characteristics of the modern age in this poem the waste land.

Characteristics of the modernist literature:

o  The impact of the two world wars

o  Anxiety and Interrogation

o  Art for life’s sake

o  Using disjoined structure to reflects the disfunction of western society

o  Breakdown the tradition or breakdown of established values

o  Realism

o  Urbanization

o  Psychology and literature

o  Bad treatment of love and sex

o  The influence of Radio and Cinema

            The modern age is the most complex, complicated and revolutionary age in the history of the world. The people of this age challenges everything like,

The Modern Age:-

T. S. Eliot said that modernist literature is….

“…. A way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history….instead of narrative method, we may now use the mythical method. It is, I seriously believe, a step toward making the modern world possible for art”.

Characteristics of the modernist literature in the waste land:

o  The waste land made a tremendous impact on the post war generation, and is considered one of the most important documents of the modern age.

o  The poem is difficult to understand in detail, but its general aim is clear. Based on the legend of the Fisher King in the Arthurian cycle, it presents modern London as an arid, waste land.

o  The poem is built round the symbols of drought and flood, representing death and rebirth, and this fundamental idea is referred to throughout. Other symbol in the poem are, however, not capable of precise explanation.

o  In a series of disconcertingly vivid impression, the poem progress by rather abrupt transition through five movements:

The Burial of the Dead 

     This first section deals mainly with issues of death and introduces the diverse themes of disillusionment and despair. In this section the opening lines begins with the protagonist musing on spring:

“April is the cruellest month, breeding

Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing

Memory and desire, stirring

Dull roots with spring rain.

Winter kept us warm, covering 5

Earth in forgetful snow, feeding

A little life with dried tubers.”

      This passage is an indication of the extent of the degradation of man. He sunken son low into depravity that he has prefers to live a life of ignorance and to disregard the fact that he is living a half life. April, the month in which spring begins, is no longer a joyous time in which new life is celebrated, but a cruel time of rebirth that reminds man that his own life is terribly empty.

                The burial of the dead can also possibly refers to the agricultural practice of planting the dried or dead seed just before spring, so that the seed may germinate and sprout in summer. The title also recalls the Christian burial service in the Church of England’s “The Book of Common Prayer and hence suggests death”

             These starting lines of the poem strike an ironic contrast between the modern waste land and that in remote and primitive civilizations. Ancient societies celebrated the return of spring through the practices of their vegetation cults with their fertility rites and sympathetic magic. These rituals demonstrate the unique harmony that then existed between human cultures and the natural environment.

                  In the starting lines of the poem we can define that there is vast difference between ancient societies and modern waste land. And is not kindest but “the cruellest month”. So in these lines of the poem poet has reflects the characteristic of “variety of technical experiment” that Eliot has use differences of ages and time and also use of new technique to describe natural environment and also experiment on nature. This lines often compared to the description of April in the general prologue of Chaucer’s “The Canter bury Tales” which adopts a more “conventional and cheerful treatment of spring”.

         “And drank coffee, and

             talked for an hour.

Bin gar keine Russin, stamm’ aus Litauen, echt

deutsch.

      And when we were children, staying at the archduke’s”

In these lines speakers seems to have changed and we, apparently, here the narration of Countess Marie Larisch about her childhood memories and present life. This passage of her reminiscences, her wanderings through Europe as a political refugee from her native resulting from her life as an ex-royal exile.

                  This section creates a picture of an emotional waste land in the lives of aristocratic women like Countess Marie who suffered great physical hardships and psychological dislocations as a result of the political turmoil soon after World War 1. In these lines poet reflects the characteristic like “Psychology and literature” that Eliot uses the character Marie and he tells about her state of mind and psychology.

“What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow

Out of this stony rubbish? 

Son of man, 20

You cannot say, or guess, 

for you know only

A heap of broken images,

 where the sun beats,

And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no Relief,

And the dry stone no sound of

water.”

               In this part of the section we can hear again the voice of Tiresias, who depicts a sort of spiritual waste land. The tone here is Rimini scent of old Biblical littering their somber prophecies. The speaker describes a true waste land of “strong rubbish” in it he says, man can recognize only “A heap of broken image” yet the scene seems to offer salvation shade and a vision of something new and different. The vision consists only of nothingness. In this episode again memory serves to contrast the past with the present. In the episode from the past, the “nothingness” is more clearly a sexual failure, a moment of importance. In these lines of the poem poet has reflects the characteristic like, “Emptiness and Nothingness” and “Anxiety and Interrogation” and also “Pessimism” because he talks more about Spirituality and Religion.

               In this poem poet uses the mythical stories to describe modern society. Eliot picks up on the figure of the Fisher King legend’s waste land as an appropriate description of the state of modern society. The importance difference, of course, is that in Eliot’s world there is no way to heal the Fisher King perhaps there is no Fisher King at all. The legends imperfect integration the lack of a unifying narrative in the modern world.

               In this use of mythical story Eliot present the modern society in which he reflects the characteristic like “using disjointed structure to reflects the disfunction of western society”

“Unreal City,

Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,

A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,

I had not thought death had undone so many.”

In this lines of the poem Eliot describe the London Bridge. The speaker observes the “Unreal city”, London, after the war. It presented the surreal and foggy image of London. The final episode of the first section allows Eliot finally to establish the true wasteland of the poem, the modern city. Eliot’s London references Baudelaire’s Paris, Dickens’s London and Dante’s Hell. Eliot uses the poetic an image of the physical desolation of the war-torn society and also communicates a sense of spiritual, disillusionment and despair.

                 According to Eric Svarny, the dry, barren, lifeless images in the poem and the undeniable sense of futility from an “evocation of post war London”. Svarny notes that the image of London in the poem characterized by 

“guilt, shock, and incomprehension of traumatized society manifested… through historical, cultural, psychic dislocation”.

  

                In these lines of “Unreal city” Eliot shows us the image of London city after world war and how it impacts to the society of the western culture. In these lines poet has reflected the characteristic “The Resurgence of poetry” and “The impact of Two world wars” throughout his poem we can understand the situation after the world wars to the western countries.

A Game of Chess

               This second part of the poem deals mainly with issues of sex and employs vignettes of several characters alternating narration that address those themes experientlly.

               In this part the two women of this section of the poem represents the two sides of modern sexuality while one side of this sexuality is a dry, barren interchange inseparable from neurosis and self destruction, the other side of this sexuality is a rampant fecundity associated with a lack of culture and rapid aging.

               The second scene in this section further diminishes the possibility that sex can bring regeneration either cultural or personal. The comparison between the two is not meant to suggest equality between them or to propose that the first women’s exaggerated sense of high culture is in any women’s form of sexuality is regenerative.

               In this section poet has reflects characteristic like “bad treatment of love and sex”. In this part poet has used one line repeatedly “HURRY UP PLEASE IT’S TIME” it shows one of the characteristic of modern age like “The speed of life” may be poet has uses it to the importance of time throughout this section.

             

The Fire Sermon

              In this third section its deals with sexual issues and offers a philosophical meditation in relation to the imagery of death and views of self-denial in juxtaposition influences by Augustine of Hippo and Eastern religion. In “The Fire Sermon” the depravity of man is further illustrated. A woman is shown in her apartment eating dinner with her lover. Their encounter after dinner is described thusly:

“The time is now propitious, 

as he guesses,

The meal is ended; 

she is bored and tired,

Endeavours to engage her in caresses

Which still are unreproved,

 if undesired.

Flushed and decided,

 he assaults at once;

Exploring hands encounter no defence;

His vanity requires no response,

And makes a welcome of indifference”.

                This attitude of indifference can be seen as even more depraved than lust and expresses the apathetic attitude of many after the war.

Death by Water

                  This section is deals with issues of death and includes a brief lyrical petition. This is one of the shortest sections of the poem. In “Death by Water” the way of escape from the degradation of society is revealed. The protagonists tells us of Phlebas the Phoenician, who experienced death by water, which can be seen as a representation of baptism, the shedding of the sinful nature, and the acceptance of the “living water” of Christ. Phleb as is now dead to the world. He has forgotten,

“The cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell and the profit and the loss”.

     He is no longer affected by the sin of modern society but lives separate from it. The narrator then addresses the reader:

“Gentile or Jew

O you who turn the wheel and look to windward,

Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall

as you.”

       With this address, the narrator reminds us that we are as mortal as Phlebas, and we also require this “living water”. This passage is a direct contrast to “The Fire Sermon” quenching the fires of lust with the “living water” that provides spiritual cleansing.

What the Thunder said

This is the fifth and final part of the poem. It is mainly about resurrection or restoration, which may or may not be attainable. This part concludes with an image of judgment. The protagonist concludes by explaining his own realization that, like “Jerusalem Athens Alexandria” modern society is deteriorating: “London Bridge is falling down”. At this time he has a decision to make: “Shall I at least set my lands in order?” will he avoid the decay of society and abandon his meaningless life for one with significance? His decision is evident in the stanza of the poem. Amid the madness of the ruin of society.

                The protagonist finds, “Shantih  Shantih  Shantih” – peace that passes understanding like Phlebas, he has chosen to bid farewell to his dishonest, worldly self and surrender to the living water that has the power to quench the fire of corruption.

                 It is through this passage that Eliot suggests his own discovery and his decision to experience the peace that passes understanding by surrounding the corrupt part of himself. The poem composed of seemingly fragmented ideas and stream of consciousness thoughts, end on a note of peace, a peace that Eliot has attained and wishes modern man to experience.

                 In this final part of the poem poet again uses the Bridge of London which is falling down which shows that the culture of London is also falling down. Throughout this section poet has uses the Hindu Upanishads which is the voice of God repeats, the thunder, when it rolls “Da Da Da”, that is “Damyata, Datta and Dayadhvem”. Therefore these three must be learned, self-control, giving, compassion.

               In this part there are some reflection of the 20th century’s characteristic they are: “The breakdown of established value”, “The impact of two world wars” and “The resurgence of poetry” in that Eliot has uses new kind of technique and method to give his ideas toward modern age.

                 Eliot’s “The Waste Land” is characterized by fragmentation, discontinuity, and disjunction- quality descriptive of modern society. In this entire poem we can see all the characteristics which are given above and describe as a very difficult and modern epic. 

Conclusion

                 The waste land, because of its complexity and depth, is a difficult poem to understand and analyses. The most notable aspects of the poem that have been discussed in this analysis illumine some, though not all, characteristics of modernity that are depicted in the poem.

                According to Eliot’s image of the modern world in the waste land, the modern society is surrounded by obscurity, chaos, disillusionment, and a desire to return to the ancient times of security and order. The waste land is one of the best examples to the modern age and it also reflects the characteristic in “The Waste Land”.