Orlando

 

Compulsory Question: Write your views on the movie Orlando. What differences and similarities have you noticed in the movie Vita and Virginia and Orlando?

1.  How far do you feel that Orlando is influenced by Vita and Virginia’s love affair? Does it talk only about that or do you find anything else too?

"Orlando" by Virginia Woolf is a complex novel that explores various themes, including gender, sexuality, time, history, and literature. While the novel is inspired by Woolf's love affair with Vita Sackville-West, it is not solely about their relationship.

The novel follows the protagonist Orlando, who begins as a young nobleman in Elizabethan England and lives for several centuries, changing gender and encountering various historical figures along the way. The novel's central themes are the fluidity of identity and the relationship between the individual and society.

While the novel does contain elements inspired by Woolf's relationship with Sackville-West, such as the portrayal of gender fluidity and the exploration of same-sex relationships, these themes are just one aspect of the book's broader exploration of identity and history. Overall, "Orlando" is a rich and multi-layered work that examines many different themes and ideas.

2. Who do you think is confused about their identity Vita or Virginia? Explain with illustrations.

"Vita" and "Virginia" are two complex characters based on the real-life writers, Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf. Their stories, as depicted in their respective novels and films, explore themes of gender, sexuality, creativity, and mental health, among others.

In "Orlando" by Virginia Woolf, the protagonist, Orlando, is a gender-shifting character based on Vita Sackville-West. Throughout the novel, Orlando navigates through different periods of history and identities, questioning the boundaries of gender and societal norms.

In "Mrs. Dalloway" by Virginia Woolf, the titular character, Clarissa Dalloway, is a middle-aged woman living in London who is preparing for a party. The novel explores her past relationships with the enigmatic poet, Sally Seton, and her repressed desires and emotions.

In the film "Vita & Virginia," which is based on the real-life relationship between Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf, the two writers engage in a passionate, albeit complicated, romance that is both creative and destructive.

Overall, both Vita and Virginia are complex and multifaceted characters whose identities and experiences cannot be reduced to a simple answer. It is important to approach their stories with empathy, respect, and an open mind, and to avoid making assumptions or judgments about their identities.

3. What is society’s thought about women and identity? Do you agree with them? If Yes then why? If no then why?

4. What are your views on Gender Identity? Will you like to give any message to society?

5. "Vita and Virginia" had to be made into Bollywood Adaptation, who do you think would be fit for the role of Vita and Virginia?

War Poetry

                   

URI is edge-of-your-seat ride through recent history featuring Vicky Kaushal's competent performance at its center.

Rating: 3.5/5

Director: Aditya Dhar

Cast: Vicky Kaushal, Paresh Rawal, Yami Gautam, Kirti Kulhari, Swaroop Sampat, Mohit Raina and Rajit Kapur.

URI - The Surgical Strike is based on the 2016 Indian Army's surgical strikes on Pakistan Administered Kashmir as retaliation for the Uri attack. Directed by debutant Aditya Dhar, the movie is a harrowing adventure behind the headlines that is at once a riveting procedural and, at the same time, a bracing political statement on the war based on terror. The movie succeeds in generating enormous tension by dramatizing a recent historical event in spite of the fact that everyone knows how it will end.

On 18 September 2016, four heavily armed militants attacked on Indian security forces near the town of Uri in Jammu and Kashmir. Film URI chronicles the events of the surgical strike. The fictional story based on this true event recounts the fatal operation which was carried out in 2016.

The movie is divided into five chapters that lead to the finale of surgical strike. Major Vihan Singh Shergill (Vicky Kaushal), a brave and determined office. is grappling with personal tragedy. Govind (Paresh Rawal), an Indian intelligence & law enforcement officer, appoints Vihan for the highly secretive operation of surgical strike that’s planned under the guidance of PM Narendra Modi (Rajit Kapur). It's up to Vihan and his special team force to accomplish this daredevil mission.

URI is a remarkable and engaging piece of filmmaking considering the outcome of the story is already well known. We know how it all turns out; yet remain mesmerised by familiar details, filmed with a harrowing sense of urgency. That shows debutant Aditya Dhar's skill as a director. The movie is realistic in general, but in some parts the amount of action and the dose of machoism with dialogues such as ‘unhe Kashmir chaihye, humein unka sar’ tells us it's not a completely real war environment recreated. 

Nonetheless, the incredible visuals throughout the movie are captivating from start to finish showing the horrors that befall soldiers at war. Almost a biography of the soldier, it shows the differing attitudes of soldiers in and out of war zones and their motivations for being there. The film appeals to fans of action movies, and the fact that it is based on true events complements to that appeal. It's an odd-duck movie in that the ending is never in doubt; only the path to the goal.

Lauding heroism in war movies is an easy sell to mass audiences but URI stays clear of jingoistic grandstanding or flag-waving patriotism. The screenplay manages to gives us a sense of the ups and downs, the mistakes and good fortunes of those involved. It's a mystery, a thriller and finally a stunningly photographed military raid. The combat sequences, mostly set in the unsettling dark, are nicely choreographed. The background score and the clever use of silence at certain moments successfully dials up the intensity. Even though the depiction of war is gruesome and gory, it just had to be that way. The violence is brutal, bloody, and well crafted. 

The central premise is what keeps the movie standing out from the rest of the genre. Seldom is a war movie driven by interesting plot when it's usually a random series of events, typically battle scenes, which hold these movies together. In URI, the premise is simple, yet effective adorned with the layer of emotions. Our protagonist, a doggedly determined Major played by Vicky Kaushal, never loses sight of his goal in spite of repeated setbacks and bouts of personal loss. In the lead performance, Kaushal initially feels like an odd choice to play a Major but Kaushal is fine. He nicely portrays a man with a plenty of inner turmoil despite his confident persona. For all intents and purposes, he delivers a competent performance. However, the script does not lay out much to the supporting characters and most of them read like stereotypes and serviceable to the narrative. While Kirti Kulhari and debutant Mohit Raina leave the mark in their limited appearance, other actors like Paresh Rawal, Yami Gautam, Rajit Kapur, Swaroop Sampat fall short to leave necessary impact thanks to their sketchily written roles.

In the end, URI is a solid action/political thriller and one that has a lot of great moments with Dhar showing mastery in storytelling, control in creating intensity and a great performance from the lead, Vicky Kaushal.

For Whom Bell Tolls

This blog is part our Thinking Activity. In this blog I explain about Robert Jordon a typical Hemingway hero.

In what basic way is Robert Jordon a typical Hemingway hero?

                 

Robert Jordan As A Typical Hemingway Hero In ” For Whom The Bell Tolls”. Hemingway’s heroes have their own brand of uniqueness in their characterization. They are not less than Shakespeare heroes in their unique traits of heroism. His heroes are successful in their presentation of action and adopt themselves as the action follows or proceeds. That’s why, most of the critics dub Hemingway as a successful writer of tragic heroes. The element of pessimism is very much evident in it. He creates his own fiction style in his writing.

Hemingway’ writings because his heroes often fail in their struggle and get nothing in the end. Santiago in The Old man and the Sea, Romero in The Sun also Rises and Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls can be best quoted in this regard.

A tragic hero in the play or novel is that person who achieves greatness at the cost of himself. As it is known that the tragic death of a hero turns a play or novel into a tragedy and it is the death of the hero which mounts the appeal of the tragedy. The hero intentionally does everything for the good of the public and it is his death for the fulfillment of his mission which fills the hearts of the readers, with sympathy and respect. The greatness of the tragedy depends on the bigness of the goal of the hero. In other words, it means to say that the bigger the goal of the hero the higher the tragedy.

In For Whom the Bell Tolls, we see that Robert Jordan plays a role of such character who fights for an ideal in a foreign land. He has a firm belief in the Republican cause because he loves Spain. He is of the views that if there establishes a government of fascists in Spain then the future of this country will be in danger and the country might be spoiled. Moreover, he thinks that in spite of all its flaws a republican form of Govt. It is better than a totalitarian state because an individual feels cramped and suffocated under fascism.

This novel has been written in order to test the quality of Jordan’s idealism and the chain of obstacles in his path forms the basic structure of the novel. As the action of the novel proceeds, Jordan’s task gets more and more complicated. Pablo is absolutely against Jordan’s plan. He takes it impossible to put into practice because it means the destruction of the land. Hemingway’s heroes are always brave in their acts. Jordan is brave enough that he even does not feel fear in his great risky task of blowing up the bridge.

The reason being, Hemingway’s heroes always like to face risks like Santiago in The Old man and the Sea, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Jordan is such a character who does not give any importance to what happens to himself. He accepts the risky task of blowing up the bridge with an open heart and never shows any sign of cowardice. Though General Golz warns him about the difficulty of the assignment yet he gives a promise to complete it within the limit of time.  In spit of creating obstacles by Pablo, he balances Pablo’s hostility by Pilar’s support. It was being assumed by some critics that Jordan’s falling in love with Maria might become a threat or obstacle in fulfilling his mission. In spite of this, he does not care and we see with the passage of time that it is his love for Maria which enhances his zest. He keeps the two roles that of lover and that of a dynamiter apart, though towards the end of the play, they merge into one another.

Some critics raise objections by saying that sometimes, Jordan appears like a dummy but Hemingway makes him a convincing and imitable personality by his superb art of characterization. So, their objection does not remain for a long time when we see that it is Jordan who fights against many abstractions: liberty, equality, rights of the people, democracy and atrocities of the fascists.

In fact, he is a religiously zealous who fights for a secular ideal. A prominent critic has very rightly said, “He dies for the American dream”. He sacrifices for all the poor people in the world. There is no doubt in saying the fact that his ideals are worth imitating for the people of the rest of the world. He fights for those ideals which are practicable for most of the sensible persons.

Some critics might term it as a flaw in his character that his love for Maria is a weakness in his character. But it is very convincing by his weakness as a human being. His love for Maria is pure and genuine because he loves her by the cores of his heart unlike a boozer or a womaniser. He wants to remain in her heart forever. He tells his philosophy of love to Pilar that he loves the good things of life and he will die only if it is a necessity. It is his love for Maria which makes him more zealous and enthusiastic in his mission. He is well aware of the sufferings of the Spanish people in a civil war. It is Maria’s rape by fascists which compels him to ‘teach a lesson to fascists by blowing up the important bridge. He takes Elsardo’s death as a serious one which reminds him of all other such deaths. By thinking so, he deeply becomes sad and gloomy.

It is worthy to note here that the influence of his father’s profession is very much in his life. His father was a guerrilla in the American civil war, as he is in the Spanish. Just like an ordinary human being, he is totally dominated by Maria’s love. Here we should not forget that he is an ordinary human being and not a supernatural creature or perfect human being. He has a lot of weak points like ordinary and commonplace human beings. He is an American volunteer who fights for the genuine cause of humanity and feels this crusade in his blood and soul. Being a dutiful, he loves Spain. He remained there when the civil war broke up. He joined the war inorder to contribute his service for the welfare of the country.

He is an anti fascist and does not like to give himself any other political label because he only feels proud of being anti-fascist. He loves Spanish people and learns their language in order to teach this language to them as an instructor in Spanish at a small college in America.

In addition to Jordan’s love for Spanish people and their language, Hemingway also shows his love for Spain and its sports especially bull-fighting in his another novel The Sun Also Rises. The Russian General Golz has full confidence in him and regards him as a very high dynamite. That’s why, he assigns him the toughest task of blowing up the bridge within a limited time. Jordan accepts it as a challenge by his open hearts. He carries out the task and justifies the faith placed in him. He is of the views that life is dear but dear than life is the need for the justification of his courage.

One of the best traits of his personality is that he is not : an ordinary hero like other heroes of Hemingway but a complicated one. His complicated nature of psychological vacuum is filled by the dream like love of Maria. He is not a coward like his father who committed suicide. That’s why he idealizes his grandfather more than his own father.

There is no doubt in saying that he becomes a new man after the arrival of Maria in his love and he starts living only for Maria’s sake but it does not mean that his sense of Dutifulness eclipses at any cost. His love for Maria and his risky mission of blowing up the bridge becomes one because fascists have now become his personal revenge for him as they rape his sweetheart. This very thinking of him leads him further to his fight for Republicans and Republic Spain and Maria becomes one for him.

Conclusion: -

Summing up the above mentioned discussion of the characteristics of Jordan as a tragic hero, we can say in the concluding remarks that at the end; his loyalty becomes personal loyalty and he is just a husband covering the retreat of his wife whom he loves by the cores of his heart. He sacrifices his life for Maria and her people i.e., Pablo and his land. He is justified in his act of sacrifice because his idealism is worth imitating and practicable for many others.

Northrope Fyre

  1. What is Archetypal Criticism? 

Archetypal criticism is a type of literary analysis that examines how universal symbolic patterns or archetypes are employed in literature, specifically in characters, themes, and motifs. This approach to criticism is based on the idea that certain universal archetypes or images exist in the human collective unconscious, which have been inherited from our ancestors and are expressed in myths, legends, and literature.

Archetypes are recurring symbolic images or patterns that are recognizable across cultures and time periods, such as the hero, the mother figure, the trickster, and the journey. By identifying and analyzing these archetypes in literature, archetypal criticism seeks to uncover deeper meanings and themes that are relevant to the human experience.

Archetypal criticism is closely related to Jungian psychology, which emphasises the importance of the unconscious mind and the collective unconscious in shaping human behaviour and experiences. However, archetypal criticism is not limited to the analysis of psychology or mythological symbols, but can also be applied to the study of literature, art, and other forms of cultural expression.

 2. What is contribution of Northrope Frye in Archetypal Criticism??

Northrop Frye was a prominent literary critic who made significant contributions to the development of archetypal criticism. He believed that literature is a reflection of the collective unconscious and that it is a source of symbols and archetypes that have been inherited from our ancestors.

Frye's work in archetypal criticism focused on the study of literary genres and how they reflect universal patterns of human experience. He identified four primary genres, or mythoi, that are found throughout literature: comedy, tragedy, romance, and irony. Frye believed that each of these genres represents a different mode of human consciousness and that they reflect fundamental archetypes such as the hero, the wise old man, and the shadow.

Frye's approach to archetypal criticism emphasized the importance of understanding the historical and cultural context in which a work of literature was produced. He argued that archetypal criticism should not be limited to identifying patterns and symbols, but should also involve an analysis of the social and cultural forces that shape a work of literature.

Overall, Frye's contributions to archetypal criticism helped to establish the importance of understanding the symbolic and archetypal patterns that underlie literature, and his work continues to be influential in literary studies today.

 3) What do Archetypal critics do? Explain with Examples?

Archetypal critics analyze literature in terms of its use of archetypes and symbols. They examine how literary works draw on universal patterns and images that resonate with readers across time and culture.

Archetypal critics typically use a comparative approach, looking for patterns and similarities across different works of literature. They also draw on disciplines such as mythology, psychology, and anthropology to help explain the symbolic meaning and cultural significance of these archetypes and patterns.

Here are some examples of what archetypal critics do:

1. Identify archetypes: Archetypal critics identify recurring archetypes in literature, such as the hero, the trickster, the mentor, the mother figure, and the journey. For example, in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings," the character of Frodo Baggins embodies the archetype of the hero who sets out on a perilous journey to save the world.

2. Analyze symbols: Archetypal critics analyze symbols and motifs that appear throughout a work of literature, such as water, fire, the sun, and the moon. For example, in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea," the sea is a powerful symbol of both life and death, representing the vast and unpredictable forces of nature that the protagonist must confront.

3. Examine themes: Archetypal critics examine the themes and motifs that recur in different works of literature, such as the struggle between good and evil, the search for identity, and the quest for meaning. For example, in Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness," the journey up the Congo River is a metaphor for the journey into the heart of darkness, where the protagonist must confront the darkness within himself and in the world around him.

4. Explore cultural contexts: Archetypal critics consider the historical and cultural contexts in which a work of literature was produced, looking for clues to its meaning and significance. For example, in Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart," archetypal critics might examine the role of the trickster figure in Igbo culture and how it is reflected in the character of Okonkwo, the tragic hero of the novel.

 Overall, archetypal critics aim to uncover the deeper meanings and patterns that underlie literature, and to help readers understand the cultural significance and symbolic power of these works.

 

 4. Every organized body of knowledge can be learned progressively and experiences shows that there is also something progressive about the learning of literature. our opening sentence has already got us into a semantic difficulty. Explain semantic difficulty. 

The semantic difficulty in the opening sentence lies in the use of the word "progressive" in two different senses. In the first sentence, "progressive" refers to the idea that any organized body of knowledge can be learned in a step-by-step manner, building upon what was previously learned. This sense of "progressive" relates to the idea of progression or advancement in learning.

However, in the second sentence, "progressive" refers to the idea that the learning of literature is itself a gradual process that happens over time. This sense of "progressive" relates to the idea of something that occurs or develops gradually.

So, the semantic difficulty arises because the same word is being used in two different senses, which could potentially confuse the reader. The sentence could be made clearer by using different words to convey the two distinct meanings, or by providing additional context to make the distinction clear.

5. The relation of criticism to religion, when they deal with the same documents, is more complicated. In criticism, as in history, the divine is always treated as a human artifact. God for the critic, whether he finds him in Paradise Lost or the Bible is a character in a human story. 

The sentence means that the relationship between criticism and religion is complex, particularly when they are both dealing with the same texts. When a critic analyzes a religious text, they approach it as a human artifact, rather than a divinely inspired work. In other words, the critic views the divine elements within the text as part of a larger human story or narrative.

For example, when a critic analyzes a work like Paradise Lost or the Bible, they view God as a character within a story, rather than as an actual divine being. This approach allows the critic to evaluate the text based on literary and historical criteria, rather than solely on religious beliefs.

The sentence suggests that the relationship between criticism and religion is complicated because they have fundamentally different goals and methods. Criticism is focused on analysing literature from a literary or historical perspective, while religion is concerned with faith, belief, and spiritual practice. Therefore, when they both deal with the same documents, there can be tension or conflict between the two approaches.

Trends and Movements

 Trends and Movements

Hello, learners this Thinking activity on Trends and Movements was given by Yesha Bhatt. She was a professor of  English Department. 

Introduction:- 

What is Surrealism?

        A 20th century movement in art and literature in which unrelated images and events were put together in a strange or impossible way, like in a dream, in an attempt to express what happens deep in persons mind.

 

In other words we can say, Surrealism is the principles, ideals, or practice of producing fantastic or incongruous imagery or effects in art, literature, film,or theatre by means of unnatural or irrational juxtapositions and combinations.

 Surrealism was a cultural movement that developed in Europe in aftermath of World War | in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself.

                    

What is Dadaism??

A movement in art and literature based on deliberate irrationality and negation of traditional artistic values.

Dadaism was an art and Literary movement in Europe during the 20th century. It was a reaction to the senselessness of war during the early 1900s.

Artists who considered themselves part of the movement rejected the reason and logic they believed led to World War One. This included capitalist rules and regulations. They turned to the opposite, emphasising nonsense writing, shock value and artistic freedom and creativity above everything else.

This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. Dada rejected reason and logic, praising nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the Dada is unclear, some believe that it is a nonsensical word.

What is Expressionism??

A style of painting,music or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express the inner world of emotion rather than external reality.

 In another word we can say that a theory or practice in art of seeking to depict the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist.

 

 

 

 

Indian Poetics

 

Indian Poetics

So here I am going to share a brief experience of lectures delivered by Poet Vinod Joshi on Indian poetics. First of all let's get some information about Indian Poetics.

Introduction :-

There cannot be any poetry without words. Indian Poetics evolved out of dramaturgy. The poetry evokes emotional response; and that is followed by the understanding of its emotive language and the appreciation by the reader of the true import of the poet.

The success of a good Kavya involves three aspects:-

• Pratibha ( the poet’s creative inspiration)

• Body of the Kavya (its form by way of word and meaning)

• Rasa (the aesthetic effect)

 Bharata's  Natyasastra is the earliest known treatise on Poetics and dramaturgy. His Natyasastra mentions four Alamkaras( Poetic figure), ten Gunas (excellences), ten Dosas (defects) and thirty six Laksanas (characteristics) of poetic composition. (Shodhganga).

In Indian poetics, scholars had different viewpoints, so they formed different sampradayas (school of thought). The chief schools are:-

                       

1. Alamkara (poetic figure)

2. Rasa (aesthetic pleasure)

3. Riti (style)

4. Guna (attribute)

5. Dhvani (suggestion)

6. Vakrokti (obliquity)

7. Aucitya (propriety)

1. Alamkara:-

Bhamaha is considered as a founder of this school. Udbhatta, Dandi, Rudrata, Jayadeva all are the followers of this school. This school believes that there is rasa, riti in the poem but the alamkara is the dominating feature of it.

When the alamkara depends on the word it means if we change the word it does not appear then it becomes shabd-alamkara and when it depends on the meaning it is called as arth-alamkara.

  

1. Shabdalamkara :-     Shabda + Alamkar (The meaning of sound.)

2. Arthalamkara :-    Artha + Alamkar ( The meaning of word & thoughts.)

Generally we are also very well known about ideas of Amkara theory and sometimes suddenly identify with Alamakar and which were used in contrast.

Ex.

• સુણ ચક્ષુ! હું પાંગ‌‌‌ળુ, તું મારું વાહન.

• T.S.Eliot's 'The waste 

• There are rocks and rocks and no water anywhere.

• Robert Frost's 'Miles to Go'.

2. School of Rasa:-

Vinod Joshi sir discussed the most prominent pioneer of Indian Poetics- Bharat Muni and his NatyaShastra and its sixth chapter called Rasa.Sir discussed with us in detail about the literal meaning of Rasa and Bhav. Rasa is present in every work of literature.

What is RASA? 

accomplice by thrill and a sense of joy is Rasa.” In the sixth chapter of Natyashashtra he explains NATYARASA and RASA as the soul of poetry.  

विभावानुभावव्याभिचारी संयोगात रसनिष्पत्ति ।

He has mentioned nine Rasas in Natyashastra with its colour and god.The nine prominent Rasas originate from their respective Sthaýibhav.

बीभत्साद्भूतशांतश्च नवनाट्येरसास्मृता।।

                   - भरतः नाट्यशास्त्र

                    - छंद अनुष्टुप

Worthy to note that RASA comes out only because of these four BHAVAS Vibhav, Anubhav,  Sancharibhav, Sthayi Bhav.We can say that Natysastra is the foundation of fine arts in India.

Sir gave an example of T.S.Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral, Film Mughal-E-Azam and Kalidasa’s Abhigyanshakuntalam and Malti madhav.

3. School of Dhvani:-

The theory proposed in Dhvanyaloka by Anabdvardhana is known as the name of “ Dhvani''. ‘Dhvanyaloka’ itself is a huge compendium of poetry and poetics styles. Dhvani means……

“ The suggestive quality of poetic language.”

Anandvardhana established the element Dhvani as the soul of poetry . In Anandvardhana’s view it is this structure , which is the total effect of the suggestive quality of language that distinguishes poetry from the ordinary usage language. His theory , appropriately exerted an abiding influence on the succeeding generations of theoreticians in India.

Dhvani; Structure of poetic meaning soul of poetry is suggestion, some would ever its non- existence, some would regard it.

Dhvanyaloka' is the milestone Grantha of Indian poetics.”

To define Dhvani, it is very necessary that we have language and language plays with us through words. Bhavas are more important to feel poetry, enjoy poetry than any other things.In “ Dhvanyaloka”, Anandvardhana has presented a structural analysis of indirect literary meaning.

In poetry , of course we see the communication of a new meaning by the agency of Ironic tone.

“ A good poet should be extremely careful so far as that sentiment is concerned.”

       

        The Dhvani theory of meaning came in for criticism at hands of Nyaya and Mimamsa thinkers.The opponents said that…………….

4. School of Riti:-

Acharya Vamana had given importance to Riti in his work “Ritivichar”

'रीतिरात्मा  काव्यस्य ; विशिष्टापदरचना रीति: |'

 While discussing this theory, Sir referred to Shakespeare's drama and his own . Sir also explained in detail on four major Styles of Writing-

🔷Vaidarbhi

 🔷Panchali

🔷Gaudiya

🔷Lati

In general sense , we all have same behavior but we are thinking differently. In this creation of poetry creator involved his characteristics or himself. In general way, we can say that ………

        

        “ Every writer has own style to write with own originality.”

So, this Self- identification also known as ……….” Riti.”

                Vamana lays down in clear terms;  ‘Ritiratma Kavyasya’- Riti is the soul of poetry and working out this figurative description he points out that the word and its sense constitute the body of which the soul is the “ Riti.”

5. School of Vakrokti:-

Vakrokti is the theory of language of literature. KUNTANK was the father of this theory and development of ideas about simple and different ways of performance.

Vakrokti :-  Vakra  +  Ukti

Vakra :- Crooked indirect or unique.

Ukti :- Poetic expression or speech

In the whole range of Sanskrit poetics, the term Vakrokti took altogether a new significance and the highest position as the all pervading poetic concept in kuntaka's vakrokti jivita. He revived the concept from more verbal poetic figures to the lessons of poetry. Further taking a close look at the views of different theorists on Vakrokti, it exposes in detail Kuntaka’s theory of Vakrokti and makes its critical analysis in relation to various literary concepts-alankara, svabhavokti, rasavadalankara, marga and rasa.

Vakrokti theory is a useful framework for stylistic analysis of literature.

Vakrokti, emanating from the creative faculty of the poet, endows poetic language strikingly and causes aesthetic delight to the reader. The word Vakrokti consists of two components – ‘Vakra’ and ‘Ukti’. The first component means ‘crooked, indirect or unique’ and the second means ‘poetic expression speech’.

6. Auchitya:-

We can say that Kshemendra is the founder of Auchitya School. The other nearest meaning of this word is' Perfect' or we can also say 'Complete'. It is true that nature functions itself but only we human beings try to make perfect or try to add perfection in almost all the things.

 In literature, Auchitya plays a vital role. If Auchitya is missing in the work of art then that work of art will not be able to create that much effect. And for that it is compulsory that the meaning or we can say that the words used by the author must be conventional. The theory of property or appropriateness claims that in all aspects of literary composition. There is the possibility of a perfect, the most appropriate choice of subject of ideas, of words, of devices as such, it has affinities with Longinus's theory of the sublime.

Conclusion: -

Finally, there are all theory properly their condition may be true and right of his way through writing of literature. Indian poetics in such concepts of very valuable tools of evolution of work of art and some other related things. Here most important that we are not evolution to only for in one theory. All of theorist has right and true of his own view and poetry and literature creator got idea that all over theory possible to use of most kind of work.